A comprehensive overview of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

The concept of radioguided surgery, which was first developed some 60 years ago, involves the use of a radiation detection probe system for the intraoperative detection of radionuclides. The use of gamma detection probe technology in radioguided surgery has tremendously expanded and has evolved into what is now considered an established discipline within the practice of surgery, revolutionizing the surgical management of many malignancies, including breast cancer, melanoma, and colorectal cancer, as well as the surgical management of parathyroid disease. The impact of radioguided surgery on the surgical management of cancer patients includes providing vital and real-time information to the surgeon regarding the location and extent of disease, as well as regarding the assessment of surgical resection margins. Additionally, it has allowed the surgeon to minimize the surgical invasiveness of many diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, while still maintaining maximum benefit to the cancer patient. In the current review, we have attempted to comprehensively evaluate the history, technical aspects, and clinical applications of radioguided surgery using gamma detection probe technology

Emprego de calcário e de superfosfato simples na cultura do algodoeiro em solo argiloso ácido Use of lime and of ordinary superphosphate for cotton cultivated on acid clay soil

Foi conduzido durante quatro anos agrícolas ensaio permanente de calagem e adubação mineral em latossolo roxo, ácido, com 66% de argila, 4,3% de M.O., 5,0 de pH e 0,9, 0,8 e 0,5 meq/100m1 de T.F.S.A. respectivamente de Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, originalmente sob vegetação de "cerradão", no município de Guaíra (SP). Em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, o calcário dolomítico (PRNT de 56%) foi incorporado às parcelas nas doses de 0, 1,5, 3,0 e 6,0t/ha, no primeiro ano, e a adubação mineral (P x K, fatorial 3 x 2), nas subparcelas, a cada ano. Empregou-se P2O5, nas doses de 0, 60 e 120kg/ha, sob forma de superfosfato simples, e K2O nas doses de 40 e 80kg/ha, através de cloreto de potássio. A calagem promoveu alterações sensíveis em índices analíticos que refletem a acidez do solo, desde o primeiro ano. Nesse particular, destacou-se a dose máxima que elevou o pH e a soma das bases (Ca2+ Mg2+), respectivamente, a valores acima de 5,5 e de 3,0 meq, tendo eliminado praticamente o A1(3+). Através do tempo, notou-se um aumento logarítmico no teor das bases (até cerca de 4,3 meq), enquanto o índice pH começou a declinar a partir do terceiro ano agrícola, sem ter ultrapassado o índice 6,0. O efeito da calagem sobre a produtividade das plantas foi sempre significativo e de natureza linear, tendo aumentado em intensidade até o terceiro ano agrícola. A ação do superfosfato simples, embora significativa e de natureza quadrática, foi sempre inferior à do calcário. O algodoeiro não reagiu à adubação potássica, assim como não se observou qualquer interação significativa. No ano da aplicação, o calcário promoveu sensíveis aumentos nas concentrações de P, Ca e Mg do limbo foliar, enquanto deprimiu os níveis de K, Fe, Mn e Al. Durante o estudo, não se observou qualquer distúrbio das plantas que pudesse ser atribuído ao uso de altas doses de corretivo, como carência de potássio e/ou de micronutrientes.<br>Results of a four year liming experiment with cotton are discussed. This experiment was conducted on Latosolic B Terra Roxa soil, acid, with a pH index of 5.0, originally under "cerradão" vegetation, with 66% of clay, 4.3% of organic mater, 0.9, 0.8 and 0.5 (meq/100 ml) of Al3+, Ca2+and Mg2+, respectively. The experimental design was a split-plot, with four replications. Dolomitic limestone was applied in the first year, on main plots at the levels of 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 t/ha. P and K were annually applied on split-plots, as a factorial 3 x 2, at the levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg/ha of P2O5, and 40 and 80 kg/ha of K2O, respectively, with ordinary superphosphate and potassium chloride. Four months after lime application, the neutralization of the exchangeable aluminum found by soil analysis was observed, at the highest level, the pH value increased up to 5.5 and values of calcium plus magnesium reached 3.0 meq. The linear effect upon cotton yield, due to liming, was significant during all the period of this study, increasing from the first to the third year. The effect of phosphorus was smaller, but positive and significant. Cotton plants did not react to potassium fertilization and interactions were not observed. Lime increased the concentrations of P, Ca and Mg in leaf blades, and decreased those of K, Fe, Mn and Al in the year when it was applied. There were no symptoms of K or micronutrient deficiencies due to the use of lime at high level